1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:08,270 solar system and all that lies Beyond 2 00:00:14,270 --> 00:00:10,910 hello and welcome to another edition of 3 00:00:16,369 --> 00:00:14,280 the 2023 Von Carmen lecture series I'm 4 00:00:18,590 --> 00:00:16,379 Nikki Wyrick with jpl's office of 5 00:00:20,570 --> 00:00:18,600 communications and education and I will 6 00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:20,580 be your host for our exciting topic this 7 00:00:27,529 --> 00:00:24,300 evening perseverance two years on Mars 8 00:00:30,290 --> 00:00:27,539 on February 18 2021 the perseverance 9 00:00:31,970 --> 00:00:30,300 Rover touched down at Jezreel crater a 10 00:00:34,310 --> 00:00:31,980 region of Mars where the ancient 11 00:00:37,069 --> 00:00:34,320 environment may have been favorable for 12 00:00:39,430 --> 00:00:37,079 microbial life mounted on the Rover's 13 00:00:42,170 --> 00:00:39,440 robotic arm Sherlock uses cameras 14 00:00:44,810 --> 00:00:42,180 spectrometers and a laser to search for 15 00:00:47,510 --> 00:00:44,820 Organics and minerals that have been 16 00:00:50,150 --> 00:00:47,520 altered by watery environments and may 17 00:00:52,850 --> 00:00:50,160 be signs of past microbial life 18 00:00:55,130 --> 00:00:52,860 joining us this evening as co-host is 19 00:00:57,650 --> 00:00:55,140 Sarah Marcotte Sarah brings over two 20 00:00:59,930 --> 00:00:57,660 decades of experience inspiring learning 21 00:01:02,209 --> 00:00:59,940 in out-of-school environments currently 22 00:01:05,090 --> 00:01:02,219 a public engagement specialist with Mars 23 00:01:07,609 --> 00:01:05,100 for JPL she works to connect Learners of 24 00:01:10,850 --> 00:01:07,619 all ages to current scientific research 25 00:01:13,969 --> 00:01:10,860 in person and online through events 26 00:01:17,750 --> 00:01:13,979 exhibits and virtual experiences hiya 27 00:01:20,210 --> 00:01:17,760 Sarah hello how are you Nikki I am well 28 00:01:23,149 --> 00:01:20,220 how are you this evening I'm doing well 29 00:01:25,609 --> 00:01:23,159 so tonight I will be taking your 30 00:01:28,370 --> 00:01:25,619 questions in the chat so if you are 31 00:01:31,070 --> 00:01:28,380 watching this webinar on LinkedIn 32 00:01:33,109 --> 00:01:31,080 Facebook live or YouTube make sure you 33 00:01:35,510 --> 00:01:33,119 put your questions in and our social 34 00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:35,520 media team will be sending those over to 35 00:01:40,789 --> 00:01:37,920 me and maybe your question will get 36 00:01:43,310 --> 00:01:40,799 asked and answered on air now if you 37 00:01:46,969 --> 00:01:43,320 don't see a chat box try refreshing your 38 00:01:49,190 --> 00:01:46,979 page or reloading your page and a place 39 00:01:50,149 --> 00:01:49,200 for for you to type in questions should 40 00:01:51,889 --> 00:01:50,159 appear 41 00:01:53,090 --> 00:01:51,899 and Nikki can I tell people about 42 00:01:56,210 --> 00:01:53,100 something really cool for this 43 00:01:59,450 --> 00:01:56,220 anniversary absolutely please do cool 44 00:02:02,090 --> 00:01:59,460 okay so um we have collected some of our 45 00:02:05,330 --> 00:02:02,100 favorite things from our website 46 00:02:08,210 --> 00:02:05,340 um into one place on our webpage so on 47 00:02:09,550 --> 00:02:08,220 the home page of the Mars program site 48 00:02:13,790 --> 00:02:09,560 it's 49 00:02:15,890 --> 00:02:13,800 mars.nasa.gov Mars 2020. we've collected 50 00:02:18,589 --> 00:02:15,900 some of our favorite experiences 51 00:02:19,790 --> 00:02:18,599 um to celebrate this anniversary so on 52 00:02:21,650 --> 00:02:19,800 this page 53 00:02:24,170 --> 00:02:21,660 um there's a whole bunch of links to 54 00:02:26,990 --> 00:02:24,180 other cool things on our site that use 55 00:02:29,750 --> 00:02:27,000 real data and in some cases some of the 56 00:02:32,750 --> 00:02:29,760 real tools that the mission teams use 57 00:02:35,330 --> 00:02:32,760 now for example we have a Mars photo 58 00:02:38,330 --> 00:02:35,340 booth and you can get real pictures of 59 00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:38,340 Mars and add yourself or your best 60 00:02:44,210 --> 00:02:41,700 friend to an image of mars or you can 61 00:02:48,110 --> 00:02:44,220 hear actual sounds recorded by the 62 00:02:49,729 --> 00:02:48,120 perseverance Rover first time ever in 63 00:02:51,830 --> 00:02:49,739 all the years we've been exploring Mars 64 00:02:53,930 --> 00:02:51,840 we've never captured captured actual 65 00:02:56,630 --> 00:02:53,940 sounds so you can hear those on that 66 00:02:58,490 --> 00:02:56,640 page and you can see a location map of 67 00:03:01,309 --> 00:02:58,500 exactly where perseverance and the 68 00:03:03,410 --> 00:03:01,319 Ingenuity helicopter are so all these 69 00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:03,420 neat experiences wrapped up in this one 70 00:03:07,910 --> 00:03:05,760 page is called the best of perseverance 71 00:03:09,710 --> 00:03:07,920 page and that's how I'm celebrating the 72 00:03:12,110 --> 00:03:09,720 anniversary this year 73 00:03:14,990 --> 00:03:12,120 awesome thank you for sharing that with 74 00:03:16,970 --> 00:03:15,000 our viewers tonight Sarah so I just want 75 00:03:18,710 --> 00:03:16,980 to remind all of you out there as always 76 00:03:20,449 --> 00:03:18,720 if we do run into any technical 77 00:03:22,309 --> 00:03:20,459 difficulties or small failures tonight 78 00:03:24,050 --> 00:03:22,319 we ask for your patience and please 79 00:03:25,850 --> 00:03:24,060 stick with us we will get them out as 80 00:03:28,009 --> 00:03:25,860 soon as we possibly can 81 00:03:31,130 --> 00:03:28,019 now a special treat for us our speaker 82 00:03:33,350 --> 00:03:31,140 this evening is Dr sananda Sharma an 83 00:03:35,690 --> 00:03:33,360 interdisciplinary scientist focusing on 84 00:03:37,729 --> 00:03:35,700 astrobiology research and currently 85 00:03:39,949 --> 00:03:37,739 supporting the Sherlock instrument on 86 00:03:42,410 --> 00:03:39,959 perseverance she aims to understand the 87 00:03:45,130 --> 00:03:42,420 limits of life and the detection of Bio 88 00:03:47,390 --> 00:03:45,140 signatures in extreme and Martian 89 00:03:49,670 --> 00:03:47,400 environments and she is particularly 90 00:03:51,910 --> 00:03:49,680 interested in spectroscopy and 91 00:03:55,250 --> 00:03:51,920 microscopy pigments as possible 92 00:03:57,649 --> 00:03:55,260 biosignatures and simulation of extreme 93 00:04:00,170 --> 00:03:57,659 environments but she is also passionate 94 00:04:01,970 --> 00:04:00,180 about cross-disciplinary research to 95 00:04:03,830 --> 00:04:01,980 promote greater inclusion and 96 00:04:07,070 --> 00:04:03,840 understanding across fields and 97 00:04:08,809 --> 00:04:07,080 audiences hi sananda 98 00:04:11,869 --> 00:04:08,819 hey there thanks so much for having me 99 00:04:13,429 --> 00:04:11,879 hey Sarah hey Nikki of course thank you 100 00:04:15,710 --> 00:04:13,439 so much for joining us for the special 101 00:04:17,150 --> 00:04:15,720 celebration this evening uh first off 102 00:04:19,430 --> 00:04:17,160 can you tell us just a little bit about 103 00:04:20,990 --> 00:04:19,440 who you are and how you got to work on 104 00:04:23,749 --> 00:04:21,000 this project 105 00:04:25,370 --> 00:04:23,759 yeah for sure so I am as you mentioned a 106 00:04:26,990 --> 00:04:25,380 postdoctoral fellow here at jet 107 00:04:30,050 --> 00:04:27,000 propulsion laboratory and I'm a member 108 00:04:32,629 --> 00:04:30,060 of the Mars 2020 uh Mission science team 109 00:04:34,490 --> 00:04:32,639 and my background is a little bit varied 110 00:04:36,650 --> 00:04:34,500 I've done a lot of microbiology 111 00:04:38,930 --> 00:04:36,660 neurobiology and design and architecture 112 00:04:40,850 --> 00:04:38,940 and now I focus on astrobiology and 113 00:04:43,610 --> 00:04:40,860 that's the study of the origins 114 00:04:46,490 --> 00:04:43,620 Evolution distribution and possible 115 00:04:49,430 --> 00:04:46,500 future of life in the universe 116 00:04:52,969 --> 00:04:49,440 and go ahead 117 00:04:54,530 --> 00:04:52,979 yeah so I was going to say so when I um 118 00:04:56,749 --> 00:04:54,540 so as I said my background's quite 119 00:04:58,969 --> 00:04:56,759 diverse and I applied for this postdoc 120 00:05:01,010 --> 00:04:58,979 position to join Sherlock when I just 121 00:05:02,810 --> 00:05:01,020 saw it posted online so the way that I 122 00:05:04,370 --> 00:05:02,820 got involved in it is 123 00:05:05,570 --> 00:05:04,380 um I had read a lot about Sherlock 124 00:05:07,249 --> 00:05:05,580 because it seemed like a very 125 00:05:10,370 --> 00:05:07,259 interesting instrument that combines all 126 00:05:12,110 --> 00:05:10,380 these unique capabilities and it gathers 127 00:05:13,670 --> 00:05:12,120 all this different type of data that 128 00:05:17,870 --> 00:05:13,680 gives a wealth of information about rock 129 00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:17,880 services so I had never been to JPL or 130 00:05:22,010 --> 00:05:19,680 done an internship here and a lot of 131 00:05:23,749 --> 00:05:22,020 folks who are postdocs have 132 00:05:25,249 --> 00:05:23,759 um but I didn't have the grades for it 133 00:05:26,810 --> 00:05:25,259 when I was an undergrad and it took me a 134 00:05:29,629 --> 00:05:26,820 long time to figure out how I actually 135 00:05:30,950 --> 00:05:29,639 learn and I learned by doing and I've 136 00:05:33,050 --> 00:05:30,960 always been really Hands-On with both 137 00:05:34,670 --> 00:05:33,060 research about science and art and 138 00:05:36,950 --> 00:05:34,680 that's a big part of my job now so I get 139 00:05:39,529 --> 00:05:36,960 to do a lot of Hands-On work in lab and 140 00:05:41,629 --> 00:05:39,539 also with Mission data as it comes down 141 00:05:43,550 --> 00:05:41,639 it's great that you found a place where 142 00:05:45,409 --> 00:05:43,560 you can integrate your passions and your 143 00:05:47,450 --> 00:05:45,419 love with your your work and your study 144 00:05:49,249 --> 00:05:47,460 so I'm glad you're here but can you tell 145 00:05:52,249 --> 00:05:49,259 us what has it been like these past two 146 00:05:55,730 --> 00:05:52,259 years working on perseverance 147 00:05:58,610 --> 00:05:55,740 yeah so in a word it's just thrilling so 148 00:06:01,129 --> 00:05:58,620 we're exploring different regions of 149 00:06:04,189 --> 00:06:01,139 um uh of Jezreel crater which is one 150 00:06:06,830 --> 00:06:04,199 part of Mars and that's a crater that's 151 00:06:08,629 --> 00:06:06,840 28 miles wide and it's a little north of 152 00:06:11,150 --> 00:06:08,639 the Martian equator 153 00:06:13,310 --> 00:06:11,160 and so there's evidence that this region 154 00:06:14,810 --> 00:06:13,320 was home to an ancient river Delta and 155 00:06:16,730 --> 00:06:14,820 there are a lot of minerals that were 156 00:06:18,529 --> 00:06:16,740 mapped both from orbit and things that 157 00:06:20,390 --> 00:06:18,539 we've seen from the Rover to date that 158 00:06:22,730 --> 00:06:20,400 indicate that there was water there in 159 00:06:25,730 --> 00:06:22,740 the past and it's possible that over 3.5 160 00:06:28,189 --> 00:06:25,740 billion years ago a lake existed here 161 00:06:30,529 --> 00:06:28,199 and I think so at this point now we've 162 00:06:32,990 --> 00:06:30,539 completed our journey through the crater 163 00:06:36,710 --> 00:06:33,000 floor and the Delta front and now we're 164 00:06:40,430 --> 00:06:36,720 starting on the Delta top so 165 00:06:44,689 --> 00:06:42,770 yeah so this shows in this image the 166 00:06:46,850 --> 00:06:44,699 white part shows the Traverse or where 167 00:06:48,350 --> 00:06:46,860 exactly the Rover has gone so far and so 168 00:06:50,029 --> 00:06:48,360 you can see we started in that crater 169 00:06:51,710 --> 00:06:50,039 floor area and that has some of the 170 00:06:53,210 --> 00:06:51,720 oldest rocks that we would encounter and 171 00:06:54,710 --> 00:06:53,220 it's rocks that we think were in place 172 00:06:57,950 --> 00:06:54,720 so they we don't think they were 173 00:06:59,629 --> 00:06:57,960 transported very much and as we move 174 00:07:01,610 --> 00:06:59,639 through into the Delta front area we 175 00:07:03,890 --> 00:07:01,620 spent a good amount of time there and we 176 00:07:05,390 --> 00:07:03,900 as um the instrument that I work on 177 00:07:07,730 --> 00:07:05,400 Sherlock we looked at 11 different 178 00:07:09,650 --> 00:07:07,740 targets that were there and now we're 179 00:07:10,909 --> 00:07:09,660 just starting the Delta top campaign and 180 00:07:12,170 --> 00:07:10,919 I'm very excited about this one because 181 00:07:13,969 --> 00:07:12,180 we're going to see some things that 182 00:07:17,990 --> 00:07:13,979 possibly we haven't seen before to date 183 00:07:21,950 --> 00:07:20,390 very cool so we've gotten an idea a 184 00:07:24,050 --> 00:07:21,960 little bit about what it's been like 185 00:07:26,689 --> 00:07:24,060 working on perseverance the last couple 186 00:07:29,870 --> 00:07:26,699 of years but can you tell us what is 187 00:07:31,309 --> 00:07:29,880 Sherlock the instrument that you work on 188 00:07:39,890 --> 00:07:31,319 yeah so 189 00:07:41,089 --> 00:07:39,900 acronym like many things that are here 190 00:07:42,529 --> 00:07:41,099 at JPL 191 00:07:44,390 --> 00:07:42,539 um it stands for scanning habitable 192 00:07:46,370 --> 00:07:44,400 environments with Raman and luminescence 193 00:07:47,689 --> 00:07:46,380 for Organics and chemicals and it's one 194 00:07:49,430 --> 00:07:47,699 of the seven scientific instruments 195 00:07:50,689 --> 00:07:49,440 that's on the perseverance Rover and 196 00:07:52,309 --> 00:07:50,699 it's on the Rover arm so you can see 197 00:07:54,529 --> 00:07:52,319 it's on that right side all circled 198 00:07:56,629 --> 00:07:54,539 there and that arm does a lot of work so 199 00:07:59,029 --> 00:07:56,639 it does our proximity science meaning it 200 00:08:00,230 --> 00:07:59,039 observes rocks really up close where 201 00:08:02,029 --> 00:08:00,240 some of the instruments are remote 202 00:08:03,230 --> 00:08:02,039 science instruments and they work from a 203 00:08:06,589 --> 00:08:03,240 little bit further away from a rock 204 00:08:08,330 --> 00:08:06,599 surface so Sherlock is a deep UV Ramen 205 00:08:10,129 --> 00:08:08,340 and fluorescent spectrometer with two 206 00:08:11,809 --> 00:08:10,139 different Imaging systems and one of 207 00:08:12,950 --> 00:08:11,819 them is called Watson so Sherlock and 208 00:08:14,870 --> 00:08:12,960 Watson 209 00:08:16,490 --> 00:08:14,880 um so when I said that it observes Rock 210 00:08:18,469 --> 00:08:16,500 surfaces up close I mean literally 211 00:08:20,749 --> 00:08:18,479 imagine the height of a credit card 212 00:08:23,210 --> 00:08:20,759 that's how far we are from Rock surfaces 213 00:08:24,710 --> 00:08:23,220 so 48 millimeters away and Sherlock 214 00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:24,720 gives multiple different types of 215 00:08:29,570 --> 00:08:26,400 information so it gives image 216 00:08:31,189 --> 00:08:29,580 information and Spectra and Spectra are 217 00:08:33,409 --> 00:08:31,199 basically signals that result from light 218 00:08:34,969 --> 00:08:33,419 interaction with a rock surface and the 219 00:08:37,130 --> 00:08:34,979 light that we use as a special type of 220 00:08:38,990 --> 00:08:37,140 laser that you can think of as sort of a 221 00:08:40,430 --> 00:08:39,000 fancy black light and it helps to see 222 00:08:42,529 --> 00:08:40,440 things that are in the rock that would 223 00:08:44,329 --> 00:08:42,539 be otherwise invisible to us so the 224 00:08:45,290 --> 00:08:44,339 images that we take with Sherlock's two 225 00:08:47,389 --> 00:08:45,300 cameras 226 00:08:48,650 --> 00:08:47,399 that provides visual context for where 227 00:08:51,769 --> 00:08:48,660 the laser hit 228 00:08:53,570 --> 00:08:51,779 so when Sherlock studies a rock surface 229 00:08:55,130 --> 00:08:53,580 it shoots its laser in a pattern across 230 00:08:57,410 --> 00:08:55,140 an area that's about the size of a 231 00:08:58,910 --> 00:08:57,420 pencil eraser so quite small and it 232 00:09:01,130 --> 00:08:58,920 lights up different components in the 233 00:09:03,530 --> 00:09:01,140 Rock including chemicals minerals and 234 00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:03,540 organic matter and organic matter or 235 00:09:08,090 --> 00:09:05,760 Organics as people sometimes say that is 236 00:09:10,009 --> 00:09:08,100 made up of the element carbon that's 237 00:09:13,250 --> 00:09:10,019 along with other elements like hydrogen 238 00:09:14,990 --> 00:09:13,260 nitrogen and oxygen and Organics are 239 00:09:16,730 --> 00:09:15,000 super interesting to us because they're 240 00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:16,740 commonly called the building blocks of 241 00:09:22,430 --> 00:09:19,560 life so all Life as we know it is made 242 00:09:24,050 --> 00:09:22,440 up of Organics but Organics importantly 243 00:09:26,449 --> 00:09:24,060 can also be made through other chemical 244 00:09:28,009 --> 00:09:26,459 processes such as through water Rock 245 00:09:30,290 --> 00:09:28,019 interactions and it's also found in 246 00:09:32,710 --> 00:09:30,300 Interstellar dust so what this two types 247 00:09:35,750 --> 00:09:32,720 of spectroscopy Sherlock helps the Rover 248 00:09:37,850 --> 00:09:35,760 detect different spatial patterns of 249 00:09:40,490 --> 00:09:37,860 Organics and minerals and give important 250 00:09:42,829 --> 00:09:40,500 views of samples that we're seeing with 251 00:09:44,389 --> 00:09:42,839 minimal alterations so we go up to a 252 00:09:46,970 --> 00:09:44,399 rock the only things that we would do is 253 00:09:49,070 --> 00:09:46,980 either blow dust off the surface or a 254 00:09:51,230 --> 00:09:49,080 braid meaning remove the top layer with 255 00:09:53,150 --> 00:09:51,240 a particular drill bit that we have and 256 00:09:57,769 --> 00:09:53,160 then just of the Rock in place so no 257 00:10:01,730 --> 00:09:59,329 so that's a great description of 258 00:10:05,509 --> 00:10:01,740 Sherlock but why would we want to have 259 00:10:08,690 --> 00:10:05,519 something like Sherlock on the Rover 260 00:10:13,490 --> 00:10:08,700 yeah so um let's put into context so if 261 00:10:17,030 --> 00:10:16,130 actually the one after this I think 262 00:10:19,430 --> 00:10:17,040 or 263 00:10:20,269 --> 00:10:19,440 yeah this one exactly perfect 264 00:10:21,889 --> 00:10:20,279 um so 265 00:10:23,449 --> 00:10:21,899 all of the instruments that we have 266 00:10:25,490 --> 00:10:23,459 worked together on the Rover quite 267 00:10:28,009 --> 00:10:25,500 elegantly and across all of them we can 268 00:10:31,130 --> 00:10:28,019 get chemical mineralogical Elemental 269 00:10:32,690 --> 00:10:31,140 textural color and stratigraphic data to 270 00:10:34,730 --> 00:10:32,700 catalog all the most detailed 271 00:10:36,769 --> 00:10:34,740 information possible across spatial 272 00:10:38,750 --> 00:10:36,779 scales and across observational axes so 273 00:10:40,850 --> 00:10:38,760 Sherlock as you can see is on like the 274 00:10:42,949 --> 00:10:40,860 finer scale so on the right side of the 275 00:10:44,690 --> 00:10:42,959 slide that's here so we work on the 276 00:10:46,610 --> 00:10:44,700 centimeter all the way down past the 277 00:10:48,769 --> 00:10:46,620 millimeter scale so we have some of the 278 00:10:50,990 --> 00:10:48,779 closest views that we've had to date of 279 00:10:52,550 --> 00:10:51,000 rocks on the Martian surface and 280 00:10:54,470 --> 00:10:52,560 Sherlock is the first of its kind 281 00:10:56,269 --> 00:10:54,480 instrument that's operating on Mars and 282 00:10:58,250 --> 00:10:56,279 it gives us especially important 283 00:10:59,810 --> 00:10:58,260 information about rocks that are as 284 00:11:02,569 --> 00:10:59,820 they're found to support the selection 285 00:11:04,910 --> 00:11:02,579 of samples for return to Earth and 286 00:11:06,470 --> 00:11:04,920 that's for potential return to Earth and 287 00:11:08,210 --> 00:11:06,480 that's one part of this Mission that's 288 00:11:11,090 --> 00:11:08,220 particularly interesting so previously 289 00:11:13,310 --> 00:11:11,100 when we've gone to Mars we're trying to 290 00:11:15,949 --> 00:11:13,320 get all the information that we can from 291 00:11:17,750 --> 00:11:15,959 the surface and in this case what we're 292 00:11:19,310 --> 00:11:17,760 doing is there's an opportunity there's 293 00:11:21,769 --> 00:11:19,320 a potential opportunity for us to return 294 00:11:23,329 --> 00:11:21,779 samples back to Earth for further study 295 00:11:24,949 --> 00:11:23,339 and so what we want to do with the 296 00:11:27,230 --> 00:11:24,959 instruments on the Rover is collect all 297 00:11:29,449 --> 00:11:27,240 the data possible so we can decide make 298 00:11:30,769 --> 00:11:29,459 almost a priority list we observe 299 00:11:32,090 --> 00:11:30,779 something here does that look like a 300 00:11:34,670 --> 00:11:32,100 sample we'd want to bring back to Earth 301 00:11:37,009 --> 00:11:34,680 and do further study on if yes collect 302 00:11:38,810 --> 00:11:37,019 and that's something that Sherlock helps 303 00:11:40,310 --> 00:11:38,820 a lot with so it's able to look at all 304 00:11:43,430 --> 00:11:40,320 those different components in Iraq and 305 00:11:45,230 --> 00:11:43,440 figure out are these say minerals that 306 00:11:47,090 --> 00:11:45,240 could preserve organic matter or 307 00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:47,100 potential signs of life really well then 308 00:11:51,170 --> 00:11:48,360 we definitely want to put that at the 309 00:11:53,150 --> 00:11:51,180 top of our list to return so it helps 310 00:11:56,750 --> 00:11:53,160 with that sort of in-situ meaning in 311 00:12:01,250 --> 00:11:58,970 so you talked about all the benefits of 312 00:12:03,829 --> 00:12:01,260 this but how do you tell what you're 313 00:12:06,889 --> 00:12:03,839 specifically looking for how do you find 314 00:12:11,090 --> 00:12:09,110 um so I think it depends on who you are 315 00:12:13,970 --> 00:12:11,100 and exactly what you're looking for with 316 00:12:16,970 --> 00:12:13,980 that so I would say can you go back to 317 00:12:20,630 --> 00:12:16,980 the video that was before this 318 00:12:22,069 --> 00:12:20,640 um yeah exactly so this isn't a braided 319 00:12:24,050 --> 00:12:22,079 patch called Guillaume and I'll use it 320 00:12:25,850 --> 00:12:24,060 as sort of an example here so this is 321 00:12:27,829 --> 00:12:25,860 all the different views that one of the 322 00:12:29,990 --> 00:12:27,839 Sherlock cameras has you're going close 323 00:12:31,790 --> 00:12:30,000 to it and if you're a geologist on the 324 00:12:33,949 --> 00:12:31,800 team versus a mini mineralogist versus 325 00:12:36,050 --> 00:12:33,959 an astrobiologist or a microbiologist 326 00:12:37,910 --> 00:12:36,060 you're going to say you're looking for 327 00:12:39,650 --> 00:12:37,920 something specifically different but 328 00:12:41,750 --> 00:12:39,660 here you can see kind of a wealth of 329 00:12:43,370 --> 00:12:41,760 everything that all of us get to see so 330 00:12:44,930 --> 00:12:43,380 some people search for signs of a 331 00:12:46,069 --> 00:12:44,940 particular mineral so those white 332 00:12:48,290 --> 00:12:46,079 patches that are right in the middle 333 00:12:49,850 --> 00:12:48,300 might pop out to things like say okay 334 00:12:52,790 --> 00:12:49,860 that's quite interesting what does that 335 00:12:55,329 --> 00:12:52,800 look like and in terms of Sherlock data 336 00:12:58,370 --> 00:12:55,339 we would scan a particular part of this 337 00:13:01,129 --> 00:12:58,380 abraded patch and the signs will show up 338 00:13:02,690 --> 00:13:01,139 as Peaks within our Spectra and that we 339 00:13:04,129 --> 00:13:02,700 can match that pattern of Peaks to 340 00:13:06,050 --> 00:13:04,139 standard reference libraries that we 341 00:13:08,569 --> 00:13:06,060 have built here on Earth to classify the 342 00:13:10,670 --> 00:13:08,579 substance and so for me personally I 343 00:13:12,230 --> 00:13:10,680 look for particular types of minerals so 344 00:13:13,790 --> 00:13:12,240 particular Spectra that match with 345 00:13:15,530 --> 00:13:13,800 minerals from reference libraries that 346 00:13:17,449 --> 00:13:15,540 we have that are really good at 347 00:13:18,590 --> 00:13:17,459 preserving organic matter because that's 348 00:13:20,990 --> 00:13:18,600 what I'm interested in as an 349 00:13:25,069 --> 00:13:21,000 astrobiologist so can you go to slide 350 00:13:28,550 --> 00:13:26,629 yeah so I think this is a nice 351 00:13:30,170 --> 00:13:28,560 demonstration of literally what Sherlock 352 00:13:32,750 --> 00:13:30,180 does and this is one of my favorite 353 00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:32,760 examples it's from it's abrasion patch 354 00:13:35,690 --> 00:13:34,200 called Cartier and it's literally like 355 00:13:39,050 --> 00:13:35,700 my phone background because I like it so 356 00:13:42,170 --> 00:13:39,060 much so this is the there we found this 357 00:13:43,970 --> 00:13:42,180 beautiful white sulfate patch so it's 358 00:13:46,610 --> 00:13:43,980 sulfate is a particular type of mineral 359 00:13:47,329 --> 00:13:46,620 that's known on Earth to preserve some 360 00:13:49,370 --> 00:13:47,339 um 361 00:13:52,069 --> 00:13:49,380 they can preserve organic matter and 362 00:13:54,170 --> 00:13:52,079 also potentially biosignatures and so 363 00:13:56,509 --> 00:13:54,180 this one popped out really clearly on 364 00:13:58,430 --> 00:13:56,519 this rock surface and it's also in the 365 00:13:59,810 --> 00:13:58,440 shape of a polar bear so that's also why 366 00:14:01,310 --> 00:13:59,820 we were so excited about it so this is 367 00:14:03,470 --> 00:14:01,320 the knee of the polar bear that's being 368 00:14:05,329 --> 00:14:03,480 scanned and so on the right side you can 369 00:14:07,550 --> 00:14:05,339 see the scan map of Sherlock which is 370 00:14:10,069 --> 00:14:07,560 going over that pencil eraser size area 371 00:14:11,569 --> 00:14:10,079 of the abraded patch and it moves 372 00:14:13,670 --> 00:14:11,579 through Point by Point through a hundred 373 00:14:15,290 --> 00:14:13,680 different points on this scan and at 374 00:14:16,610 --> 00:14:15,300 each point we're collecting Spectra and 375 00:14:18,769 --> 00:14:16,620 that's what you're seeing on the left so 376 00:14:21,350 --> 00:14:18,779 all of these squiggly lines that's 377 00:14:23,210 --> 00:14:21,360 actual information so the position and 378 00:14:24,829 --> 00:14:23,220 the shape of the bumps that you see in 379 00:14:26,990 --> 00:14:24,839 that Spectra that's we're trying to 380 00:14:28,790 --> 00:14:27,000 interpret and so on the left side you 381 00:14:30,889 --> 00:14:28,800 can see how that Spectrum changes as you 382 00:14:32,269 --> 00:14:30,899 move point to point so you analyze all 383 00:14:34,370 --> 00:14:32,279 the Peaks that show up there and then 384 00:14:36,410 --> 00:14:34,380 start asking what material could yield 385 00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:36,420 this signal why is the signal in this 386 00:14:39,710 --> 00:14:37,680 particular place and what does that 387 00:14:41,569 --> 00:14:39,720 match up with how strong is the signal 388 00:14:44,329 --> 00:14:41,579 what sort of colors or Textures in the 389 00:14:46,310 --> 00:14:44,339 rock is it Associated to and if we were 390 00:14:48,170 --> 00:14:46,320 just scanning without mapping figuring 391 00:14:49,610 --> 00:14:48,180 out which signal comes from which part 392 00:14:51,889 --> 00:14:49,620 of the rock would be way more difficult 393 00:14:53,389 --> 00:14:51,899 so here this was a sulfate as I 394 00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:53,399 mentioned and that has that big peak 395 00:14:56,930 --> 00:14:54,720 that's closer to the left side of the 396 00:14:58,670 --> 00:14:56,940 spectrum and then we also see something 397 00:15:00,590 --> 00:14:58,680 that looks like hydration so that bigger 398 00:15:02,629 --> 00:15:00,600 bump that you start seeing on the right 399 00:15:04,550 --> 00:15:02,639 side of the spectrum that's an 400 00:15:05,930 --> 00:15:04,560 indication that this mineral has some 401 00:15:08,629 --> 00:15:05,940 water that's stored in its structure as 402 00:15:12,949 --> 00:15:10,670 it's incredible to think of the things 403 00:15:14,689 --> 00:15:12,959 that Sherlock can show us and tell us 404 00:15:16,129 --> 00:15:14,699 we're going to come back for a few more 405 00:15:18,170 --> 00:15:16,139 questions and continue our conversation 406 00:15:19,490 --> 00:15:18,180 in just a second but I do want to open 407 00:15:21,769 --> 00:15:19,500 it up we've had a ton of questions 408 00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:21,779 online tonight so we're actually going 409 00:15:25,970 --> 00:15:23,760 to let the audience ask the next two or 410 00:15:27,290 --> 00:15:25,980 three questions Sarah what are they 411 00:15:29,930 --> 00:15:27,300 asking out there 412 00:15:32,389 --> 00:15:29,940 okay so a lot of questions are coming in 413 00:15:33,170 --> 00:15:32,399 and I'm having trouble deciding 414 00:15:35,509 --> 00:15:33,180 um 415 00:15:37,910 --> 00:15:35,519 however I liked this one 416 00:15:40,910 --> 00:15:37,920 of many many I like 417 00:15:43,550 --> 00:15:40,920 um so esmo on Instagram asked what is 418 00:15:47,689 --> 00:15:43,560 your number one hope for what we find or 419 00:15:51,710 --> 00:15:49,670 good question also very difficult 420 00:15:53,230 --> 00:15:51,720 question everything's very exciting Okay 421 00:15:55,850 --> 00:15:53,240 so 422 00:15:57,530 --> 00:15:55,860 I think the answer 423 00:15:59,930 --> 00:15:57,540 what I think about the most when I think 424 00:16:02,509 --> 00:15:59,940 about what I would want to see is 425 00:16:05,030 --> 00:16:02,519 diversity so what's a win to me is when 426 00:16:06,829 --> 00:16:05,040 everything doesn't look the same because 427 00:16:08,810 --> 00:16:06,839 that means we're 428 00:16:10,250 --> 00:16:08,820 we're getting the most that we can out 429 00:16:11,569 --> 00:16:10,260 of this trip to Mars and we're hopefully 430 00:16:13,850 --> 00:16:11,579 getting the most of the samples that we 431 00:16:16,069 --> 00:16:13,860 get back so basically I want to see not 432 00:16:17,930 --> 00:16:16,079 just one set of Spectra associated with 433 00:16:19,790 --> 00:16:17,940 one texture and one mineral I want to 434 00:16:20,810 --> 00:16:19,800 see all these different patterns popping 435 00:16:23,090 --> 00:16:20,820 out and that's actually the most 436 00:16:25,129 --> 00:16:23,100 exciting thing I've seen so far is some 437 00:16:26,810 --> 00:16:25,139 of the work that I did is to do the 438 00:16:29,269 --> 00:16:26,820 comparison of what mineral we're seeing 439 00:16:30,829 --> 00:16:29,279 with what sorts of other signals and 440 00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:30,839 we're seeing a huge diversity across 441 00:16:34,610 --> 00:16:32,940 that so I think that's the biggest dream 442 00:16:37,370 --> 00:16:34,620 is that we capture the diversity that 443 00:16:39,350 --> 00:16:37,380 Mars has because I think we're almost on 444 00:16:40,430 --> 00:16:39,360 Earth we think so often of like oh I can 445 00:16:42,530 --> 00:16:40,440 think of 10 different types of 446 00:16:44,569 --> 00:16:42,540 ecosystems and environments and then you 447 00:16:47,030 --> 00:16:44,579 look at pictures of Mars and you can say 448 00:16:50,150 --> 00:16:47,040 like actually if you go to slide three 449 00:16:51,170 --> 00:16:50,160 you can see what the yeah exactly so 450 00:16:53,389 --> 00:16:51,180 when you look at this you might think 451 00:16:55,249 --> 00:16:53,399 like all that stuff looks the same 452 00:16:56,449 --> 00:16:55,259 especially if you haven't been spending 453 00:16:57,650 --> 00:16:56,459 a lot of time looking at Martian rods 454 00:16:59,509 --> 00:16:57,660 you can say hey all that looks the same 455 00:17:01,009 --> 00:16:59,519 why does it matter but then when you 456 00:17:02,509 --> 00:17:01,019 take all the scientific instruments that 457 00:17:04,189 --> 00:17:02,519 we have on the Rover and you look way 458 00:17:05,809 --> 00:17:04,199 more closely at it then you realize 459 00:17:07,250 --> 00:17:05,819 there's so much diversity that's hidden 460 00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:07,260 right behind there so capturing that I 461 00:17:11,929 --> 00:17:08,880 think is the most important and exciting 462 00:17:17,809 --> 00:17:14,990 all right how about another one so udaya 463 00:17:20,449 --> 00:17:17,819 on Facebook asks what if Signs of Life 464 00:17:23,689 --> 00:17:20,459 are not found on the surface would the 465 00:17:26,809 --> 00:17:23,699 subsurface be scanned for life also 466 00:17:29,090 --> 00:17:26,819 that's a great question and uh yes there 467 00:17:30,470 --> 00:17:29,100 are other potential missions that are 468 00:17:31,970 --> 00:17:30,480 being proposed 469 00:17:33,830 --> 00:17:31,980 um that would be looking at the 470 00:17:35,510 --> 00:17:33,840 subsurface instead and 471 00:17:38,450 --> 00:17:35,520 that question I think gets to the heart 472 00:17:39,289 --> 00:17:38,460 of one thing that we're all a little bit 473 00:17:41,090 --> 00:17:39,299 um 474 00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:41,100 that we all go into this field aware of 475 00:17:45,890 --> 00:17:43,440 which is the surface of Mars is not a 476 00:17:47,990 --> 00:17:45,900 really happy environment for Life as we 477 00:17:49,610 --> 00:17:48,000 know it it's pretty harsh because 478 00:17:51,289 --> 00:17:49,620 there's things like UV and ionizing 479 00:17:53,090 --> 00:17:51,299 radiation that are all hitting the 480 00:17:55,370 --> 00:17:53,100 surface so anything that lives there 481 00:17:57,650 --> 00:17:55,380 would have to survive under all of those 482 00:17:59,630 --> 00:17:57,660 conditions and it might be that life 483 00:18:02,029 --> 00:17:59,640 says hey this is too harsh up here we 484 00:18:04,010 --> 00:18:02,039 have to go down to the subsurface and it 485 00:18:06,529 --> 00:18:04,020 might be on the subsurface so yeah we're 486 00:18:09,110 --> 00:18:06,539 appropriately sort of I think um 487 00:18:11,090 --> 00:18:09,120 tuning our expectations that we might 488 00:18:13,070 --> 00:18:11,100 not find all the signs of life on the 489 00:18:17,390 --> 00:18:13,080 surface but maybe future missions can go 490 00:18:23,690 --> 00:18:19,970 should we do one more Nikki absolutely 491 00:18:27,409 --> 00:18:23,700 please sure let's do it so um Ivana on 492 00:18:30,110 --> 00:18:27,419 YouTube is asking so sunanda you 493 00:18:32,270 --> 00:18:30,120 consider yourself an astrobiologist what 494 00:18:34,490 --> 00:18:32,280 are some topics that an astrobiologist 495 00:18:38,150 --> 00:18:34,500 could research on Mars 496 00:18:41,450 --> 00:18:38,160 oh okay so I think do we have all night 497 00:18:43,610 --> 00:18:41,460 no okay I know right all night all day I 498 00:18:45,289 --> 00:18:43,620 want to say a lot of different topics so 499 00:18:47,090 --> 00:18:45,299 I think um 500 00:18:48,230 --> 00:18:47,100 one thing so there's a couple of 501 00:18:49,730 --> 00:18:48,240 different categories that I think an 502 00:18:51,650 --> 00:18:49,740 astrobiologist could look at so one 503 00:18:53,210 --> 00:18:51,660 thing is biosignatures so do we see 504 00:18:55,310 --> 00:18:53,220 anything that could be a potential 505 00:18:58,130 --> 00:18:55,320 biosignature so a potential sign of life 506 00:19:00,409 --> 00:18:58,140 meaning a pattern substance 507 00:19:02,930 --> 00:19:00,419 um or other sort of compound that would 508 00:19:04,549 --> 00:19:02,940 require life for it to be created so 509 00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:04,559 with the tools that we have on the Rover 510 00:19:08,330 --> 00:19:06,720 right now we can say that we could 511 00:19:10,310 --> 00:19:08,340 potentially find what we're calling 512 00:19:11,870 --> 00:19:10,320 potential biosignatures meaning that 513 00:19:13,669 --> 00:19:11,880 these are really interesting we should 514 00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:13,679 bring them back and then decide whether 515 00:19:17,210 --> 00:19:15,840 it's a true biosignature or not so 516 00:19:18,830 --> 00:19:17,220 that's what we can do with the Rover and 517 00:19:20,990 --> 00:19:18,840 that's one area that I think an 518 00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:21,000 astrobiologist could work on another 519 00:19:25,250 --> 00:19:22,980 area is looking for signs of 520 00:19:26,870 --> 00:19:25,260 habitability so on earth when we think 521 00:19:28,730 --> 00:19:26,880 of what would make a good environment 522 00:19:30,890 --> 00:19:28,740 for life to thrive in you think about 523 00:19:33,470 --> 00:19:30,900 like water should be present and 524 00:19:35,570 --> 00:19:33,480 abundant ideally we won't be at the 525 00:19:37,850 --> 00:19:35,580 extremes of pH because then it will be a 526 00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:37,860 sort of milder environment ideally there 527 00:19:42,169 --> 00:19:40,320 wouldn't be an insane amount of UV or 528 00:19:44,870 --> 00:19:42,179 ionizing radiation so life would be able 529 00:19:47,510 --> 00:19:44,880 to thrive there so finding key signals 530 00:19:49,850 --> 00:19:47,520 so particular mineral assemblages or 531 00:19:51,909 --> 00:19:49,860 things like hydration that can help 532 00:19:54,830 --> 00:19:51,919 build the story for what is habitability 533 00:19:56,450 --> 00:19:54,840 habitability so I think those are two 534 00:19:57,650 --> 00:19:56,460 areas that an astrobiologist could work 535 00:19:59,330 --> 00:19:57,660 on 536 00:20:02,930 --> 00:19:59,340 and then there's a lot more too just two 537 00:20:04,549 --> 00:20:02,940 examples that's some great advice uh 538 00:20:06,289 --> 00:20:04,559 keep asking your questions out there we 539 00:20:08,390 --> 00:20:06,299 are going to come back for more but I've 540 00:20:10,789 --> 00:20:08,400 got just a few more questions for our 541 00:20:12,590 --> 00:20:10,799 wonderful speaker this evening so you've 542 00:20:14,270 --> 00:20:12,600 been with perseverance and it's been on 543 00:20:16,730 --> 00:20:14,280 Mars for two years and you touched on 544 00:20:19,909 --> 00:20:16,740 this briefly but what is one of the most 545 00:20:21,830 --> 00:20:19,919 interesting things that you have found 546 00:20:24,710 --> 00:20:21,840 from perseverance 547 00:20:27,890 --> 00:20:24,720 we okay 548 00:20:29,810 --> 00:20:27,900 so I think 549 00:20:31,549 --> 00:20:29,820 okay so I I kind of answered this 550 00:20:34,010 --> 00:20:31,559 earlier in terms of looking at like the 551 00:20:36,549 --> 00:20:34,020 diversity but for me 552 00:20:39,049 --> 00:20:36,559 um so first every time we get data down 553 00:20:40,909 --> 00:20:39,059 I like to get to it as soon as possible 554 00:20:42,289 --> 00:20:40,919 so one of my colleagues who's an 555 00:20:43,789 --> 00:20:42,299 engineering in operations will say hey 556 00:20:45,650 --> 00:20:43,799 the data set is ready and I'll 557 00:20:47,810 --> 00:20:45,660 immediately download it as soon as I can 558 00:20:50,750 --> 00:20:47,820 and the first thing I do is I I usually 559 00:20:53,270 --> 00:20:50,760 flip through all of the Spectra and 560 00:20:54,890 --> 00:20:53,280 images that we have and I try to see 561 00:20:56,630 --> 00:20:54,900 does this look like anything we've seen 562 00:20:57,950 --> 00:20:56,640 before or does this look totally 563 00:20:59,990 --> 00:20:57,960 different than what we've seen before 564 00:21:01,909 --> 00:21:00,000 and when I'm going through all the 565 00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:01,919 different Spectra as they come up I try 566 00:21:06,350 --> 00:21:04,500 to categorize all the different groups 567 00:21:07,850 --> 00:21:06,360 that I would see so I see a particular 568 00:21:09,710 --> 00:21:07,860 peak in this place where I say a 569 00:21:12,409 --> 00:21:09,720 doublet-shaped peak here what does that 570 00:21:14,390 --> 00:21:12,419 mean and then I try to sort of build out 571 00:21:16,370 --> 00:21:14,400 all the diversity and then match it to 572 00:21:18,169 --> 00:21:16,380 each type of texture that we see and 573 00:21:20,390 --> 00:21:18,179 then matching Spectra of Raman and 574 00:21:22,250 --> 00:21:20,400 fluorescence each together so I think 575 00:21:26,570 --> 00:21:22,260 what I personally have seen that's the 576 00:21:28,430 --> 00:21:26,580 most exciting is we're seeing clusters I 577 00:21:31,070 --> 00:21:28,440 would say of particular minerals with 578 00:21:32,330 --> 00:21:31,080 particular fluorescence signatures so 579 00:21:33,890 --> 00:21:32,340 that's one of the types of Spectra that 580 00:21:35,630 --> 00:21:33,900 we collect so with Ramen we're getting 581 00:21:36,770 --> 00:21:35,640 some mineral information and with 582 00:21:39,950 --> 00:21:36,780 fluorescence we're getting a different 583 00:21:41,630 --> 00:21:39,960 type of spectral information and what it 584 00:21:43,010 --> 00:21:41,640 looks like is it isn't everything is 585 00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:43,020 messed with everything there's 586 00:21:46,610 --> 00:21:45,120 particular trends that we're starting to 587 00:21:48,710 --> 00:21:46,620 pick out and we can only start to do 588 00:21:50,450 --> 00:21:48,720 that now so this image that you're 589 00:21:54,890 --> 00:21:50,460 seeing is in the crater floor and if you 590 00:21:59,750 --> 00:21:57,289 this is this was taken as we were moving 591 00:22:01,190 --> 00:21:59,760 into the Delta front area and so to me 592 00:22:02,870 --> 00:22:01,200 what it's looking like from all these 593 00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:02,880 Trends is that the crater floor and the 594 00:22:07,070 --> 00:22:05,280 Delta front don't look the same 595 00:22:08,810 --> 00:22:07,080 and we're seeing sort of hints of this 596 00:22:11,149 --> 00:22:08,820 mineral fluorescence Association as 597 00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:11,159 we're moving through the entire Traverse 598 00:22:14,029 --> 00:22:12,960 of the Rover and I think now we're 599 00:22:15,890 --> 00:22:14,039 finally at the point that we can look 600 00:22:17,930 --> 00:22:15,900 like and say Sherlock has seen 21 601 00:22:19,490 --> 00:22:17,940 different targets so far what are the 602 00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:19,500 bigger picture stories that are showing 603 00:22:22,789 --> 00:22:21,600 up here why aren't we seeing the same 604 00:22:25,549 --> 00:22:22,799 thing everywhere 605 00:22:29,029 --> 00:22:27,350 well that's great so now we've got this 606 00:22:31,970 --> 00:22:29,039 bigger picture idea from perseverance 607 00:22:34,250 --> 00:22:31,980 but what's next for perseverance both in 608 00:22:36,890 --> 00:22:34,260 the immediate and the further out future 609 00:22:40,909 --> 00:22:36,900 for this Rover 610 00:22:41,630 --> 00:22:40,919 so I think we're on Soul 709 yes I think 611 00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:41,640 so 612 00:22:47,510 --> 00:22:46,140 up the Delta front campaign and now the 613 00:22:49,850 --> 00:22:47,520 campaign science leads and the team 614 00:22:51,409 --> 00:22:49,860 overall have planned an excellent Delta 615 00:22:53,149 --> 00:22:51,419 top campaign that we're just starting so 616 00:22:55,430 --> 00:22:53,159 I sort of hinted at this that there's 617 00:22:57,049 --> 00:22:55,440 some minerals that maybe we haven't seen 618 00:22:59,330 --> 00:22:57,059 in such high quantities that hopefully 619 00:23:01,610 --> 00:22:59,340 we'll encounter during this Traverse so 620 00:23:03,529 --> 00:23:01,620 I'll say the short term is I hope to see 621 00:23:05,210 --> 00:23:03,539 something like hydrated silica and 622 00:23:07,130 --> 00:23:05,220 that's a type of mineral that can on 623 00:23:09,049 --> 00:23:07,140 Earth it can preserve signs of life and 624 00:23:10,190 --> 00:23:09,059 organic matter really well so that's 625 00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:10,200 short term something that I'm looking 626 00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:11,760 forward to 627 00:23:16,490 --> 00:23:14,640 um medium term as we move out like maybe 628 00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:16,500 maybe a year from now everything goes 629 00:23:20,090 --> 00:23:17,820 awesomely 630 00:23:22,549 --> 00:23:20,100 um we're going to encounter minerals 631 00:23:24,529 --> 00:23:22,559 that are called carbonates and these 632 00:23:26,390 --> 00:23:24,539 were mapped from orbit like years and 633 00:23:28,310 --> 00:23:26,400 years ago and I've been hearing about 634 00:23:29,510 --> 00:23:28,320 them literally all through my PhD I've 635 00:23:31,730 --> 00:23:29,520 been hearing about the marginal 636 00:23:33,710 --> 00:23:31,740 carbonates and how they would have a lot 637 00:23:35,630 --> 00:23:33,720 of promise for preserving biosinctures 638 00:23:37,750 --> 00:23:35,640 or signs of life and these are in the 639 00:23:39,890 --> 00:23:37,760 Western inner margin of the crater 640 00:23:41,510 --> 00:23:39,900 carbonates are minerals that are found 641 00:23:44,570 --> 00:23:41,520 in a lot of things on earth like in 642 00:23:45,710 --> 00:23:44,580 limestone in shells in hard corals and 643 00:23:47,149 --> 00:23:45,720 they're also found in a bunch of 644 00:23:48,770 --> 00:23:47,159 different rocks that aren't related to 645 00:23:49,850 --> 00:23:48,780 life either but they are great 646 00:23:52,010 --> 00:23:49,860 preservers as I mentioned of 647 00:23:53,810 --> 00:23:52,020 biosignatures so if we encounter that I 648 00:23:55,850 --> 00:23:53,820 think we could find some really exciting 649 00:23:57,649 --> 00:23:55,860 things there and then long term we're 650 00:23:59,690 --> 00:23:57,659 excited about the potential marsample 651 00:24:00,830 --> 00:23:59,700 return campaign so as I mentioned we 652 00:24:02,270 --> 00:24:00,840 collected 653 00:24:04,250 --> 00:24:02,280 um a bunch of different samples so far 654 00:24:06,649 --> 00:24:04,260 so we got nine that were in the crater 655 00:24:08,930 --> 00:24:06,659 floor of rocks and then nine Rock 656 00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:08,940 samples that were from the Delta and if 657 00:24:12,649 --> 00:24:10,380 we can get those samples back to Earth 658 00:24:14,390 --> 00:24:12,659 we're going to get a whole new set of 659 00:24:17,029 --> 00:24:14,400 laboratory data to augment what we 660 00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:17,039 learned from the Rover itself on Mars so 661 00:24:21,169 --> 00:24:19,380 I'm really excited about the potential 662 00:24:22,430 --> 00:24:21,179 of Mars sample return and how much more 663 00:24:24,649 --> 00:24:22,440 information we're going to get because 664 00:24:26,990 --> 00:24:24,659 there's so many tools that I think all 665 00:24:28,909 --> 00:24:27,000 of us wish we had but it's not feasible 666 00:24:30,770 --> 00:24:28,919 to miniaturize them and make them super 667 00:24:32,029 --> 00:24:30,780 robust and send them on a Rover so when 668 00:24:33,770 --> 00:24:32,039 you get these samples back to Earth 669 00:24:36,049 --> 00:24:33,780 we'll be able to do all of those like 670 00:24:38,090 --> 00:24:36,059 high resolution analyzes with you know 671 00:24:39,230 --> 00:24:38,100 equipment that's the size of a room and 672 00:24:41,210 --> 00:24:39,240 we'll be able to get all of this 673 00:24:43,730 --> 00:24:41,220 information down to probably even the 674 00:24:45,770 --> 00:24:43,740 nanometer scale so hopefully if we get 675 00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:45,780 them back and if I'm able to do 676 00:24:49,010 --> 00:24:47,340 everything I need to do to keep working 677 00:24:52,250 --> 00:24:49,020 this field then I hope to be lucky 678 00:24:56,750 --> 00:24:53,990 I think it's just incredible to think 679 00:25:00,049 --> 00:24:56,760 about how much this Rover and Sherlock 680 00:25:02,090 --> 00:25:00,059 have done in two years I mean we are 681 00:25:03,289 --> 00:25:02,100 incredibly excited about the future of 682 00:25:05,450 --> 00:25:03,299 this Mission and what it's already been 683 00:25:07,010 --> 00:25:05,460 able to accomplish so I actually want to 684 00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:07,020 turn it back over to Sarah because I 685 00:25:11,750 --> 00:25:08,760 know the audience has asked you a ton of 686 00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:11,760 questions online so Sarah what else are 687 00:25:15,710 --> 00:25:13,080 they asking out there 688 00:25:19,070 --> 00:25:15,720 all right let's uh look at the question 689 00:25:21,409 --> 00:25:19,080 box here so uh Rosetta on YouTube asks 690 00:25:23,450 --> 00:25:21,419 what is the most surprising thing we've 691 00:25:25,549 --> 00:25:23,460 learned so far from perseverance's 692 00:25:28,010 --> 00:25:25,559 explorations 693 00:25:29,690 --> 00:25:28,020 oh that's probably also going to be a 694 00:25:31,789 --> 00:25:29,700 question that varies based on who you 695 00:25:32,630 --> 00:25:31,799 answer for me 696 00:25:34,970 --> 00:25:32,640 um 697 00:25:37,549 --> 00:25:34,980 so I think 698 00:25:39,110 --> 00:25:37,559 let me see what's most surprising I feel 699 00:25:41,570 --> 00:25:39,120 like there's a lot of surprising things 700 00:25:42,890 --> 00:25:41,580 so okay there's one particular signal 701 00:25:45,590 --> 00:25:42,900 that we've been having a lot of 702 00:25:47,210 --> 00:25:45,600 conversation about within the team and 703 00:25:49,370 --> 00:25:47,220 it could be a couple of different things 704 00:25:53,090 --> 00:25:49,380 and we're literally pushing the 705 00:25:54,890 --> 00:25:53,100 boundaries of what we know so far with 706 00:25:56,750 --> 00:25:54,900 fluorescent spectroscopy and with Raman 707 00:25:58,850 --> 00:25:56,760 spectroscopy to figure out what this 708 00:26:00,710 --> 00:25:58,860 signal could be so it's a signal that we 709 00:26:02,750 --> 00:26:00,720 saw sort of hints of in the crater 710 00:26:04,549 --> 00:26:02,760 floored a couple of points in one rock 711 00:26:05,870 --> 00:26:04,559 that was there and then as you move to 712 00:26:08,149 --> 00:26:05,880 the Delta front we started seeing it 713 00:26:09,710 --> 00:26:08,159 more and more and we're still seeing it 714 00:26:11,510 --> 00:26:09,720 now as we're like making the transition 715 00:26:12,890 --> 00:26:11,520 into the Delta front and I'm curious if 716 00:26:15,110 --> 00:26:12,900 we'll still see it in the Delta front 717 00:26:16,730 --> 00:26:15,120 but yeah that particular signal 718 00:26:19,190 --> 00:26:16,740 literally keeps me up at night it's like 719 00:26:20,930 --> 00:26:19,200 a doublet at 303 and 325 and I'm trying 720 00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:20,940 to think more and more about it so I 721 00:26:24,350 --> 00:26:22,860 think that's a really surprising one 722 00:26:27,230 --> 00:26:24,360 that I don't know exactly what that is 723 00:26:28,789 --> 00:26:27,240 and I'm hoping that we're able to get 724 00:26:30,470 --> 00:26:28,799 these samples back so we can actually do 725 00:26:32,269 --> 00:26:30,480 the full characterization so I'd say 726 00:26:34,190 --> 00:26:32,279 that one was surprising and exciting for 727 00:26:36,169 --> 00:26:34,200 me 728 00:26:37,909 --> 00:26:36,179 all right I'd say I've kind of a related 729 00:26:40,730 --> 00:26:37,919 question to that then 730 00:26:42,890 --> 00:26:40,740 um Travis on LinkedIn is wondering are 731 00:26:45,049 --> 00:26:42,900 you finding minerals and signatures not 732 00:26:49,130 --> 00:26:45,059 currently mapped to Earth's known 733 00:26:50,930 --> 00:26:49,140 minerals and if so what's next 734 00:26:52,549 --> 00:26:50,940 hmm 735 00:26:54,470 --> 00:26:52,559 that's a good question 736 00:26:57,169 --> 00:26:54,480 I think a geologist could give you a 737 00:26:58,789 --> 00:26:57,179 more specific answer from what I 738 00:27:00,710 --> 00:26:58,799 understand so far and all the matching 739 00:27:04,010 --> 00:27:00,720 that I've done with minerals they're 740 00:27:06,350 --> 00:27:04,020 mapped to our reference library so we 741 00:27:08,269 --> 00:27:06,360 can say like okay this is we classify 742 00:27:10,310 --> 00:27:08,279 this minerals as sulfate or carbonate or 743 00:27:12,649 --> 00:27:10,320 a silicate or something like that that 744 00:27:14,870 --> 00:27:12,659 being said not all of them match exactly 745 00:27:16,730 --> 00:27:14,880 perfectly and this is where it starts to 746 00:27:18,049 --> 00:27:16,740 get into a sort of an interesting Gray 747 00:27:20,390 --> 00:27:18,059 Zone which is 748 00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:20,400 the um the instruments on the Rover have 749 00:27:23,690 --> 00:27:21,840 their own limitations right so we might 750 00:27:25,430 --> 00:27:23,700 not be seeing everything in exactly the 751 00:27:27,350 --> 00:27:25,440 perfect spectral resolution that we need 752 00:27:29,510 --> 00:27:27,360 in order to identify a specific mineral 753 00:27:31,490 --> 00:27:29,520 so there's a little bit of like a like a 754 00:27:33,409 --> 00:27:31,500 gray Zone there so not everything will 755 00:27:35,510 --> 00:27:33,419 fit exactly perfectly and that's part of 756 00:27:38,810 --> 00:27:35,520 why we need the samples back but I would 757 00:27:40,730 --> 00:27:38,820 say largely we're seeing what we were 758 00:27:42,289 --> 00:27:40,740 um what we expect to see based on the 759 00:27:44,390 --> 00:27:42,299 reference libraries that we have so 760 00:27:46,430 --> 00:27:44,400 we're able to do matches in most of the 761 00:27:48,710 --> 00:27:46,440 cases 762 00:27:50,990 --> 00:27:48,720 now we've had a couple questions sort of 763 00:27:53,269 --> 00:27:51,000 in a row that are somewhat related to 764 00:27:54,590 --> 00:27:53,279 this and uh this is funny I don't I 765 00:27:57,710 --> 00:27:54,600 think I have heard this question before 766 00:27:59,750 --> 00:27:57,720 but um Billy on Facebook and Arnie on 767 00:28:01,490 --> 00:27:59,760 YouTube asks a similar question which is 768 00:28:05,049 --> 00:28:01,500 about precious metals have we found 769 00:28:06,890 --> 00:28:05,059 anything like gold and silver on Mars 770 00:28:07,549 --> 00:28:06,900 interesting 771 00:28:09,409 --> 00:28:07,559 um 772 00:28:11,390 --> 00:28:09,419 not that I've heard of you can check 773 00:28:12,710 --> 00:28:11,400 with all geologists on the team but the 774 00:28:14,630 --> 00:28:12,720 things that I'm hearing and I guess 775 00:28:17,029 --> 00:28:14,640 maybe it's because of my lens as an 776 00:28:19,490 --> 00:28:17,039 astrobiologist the astrobiologist gold 777 00:28:21,830 --> 00:28:19,500 is minerals that preserve Organics 778 00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:21,840 really really well so for me I'm like 779 00:28:26,690 --> 00:28:24,960 well my goal is a sulfate or my gold is 780 00:28:28,850 --> 00:28:26,700 a hydrated silica and that's why I'm so 781 00:28:30,470 --> 00:28:28,860 excited for the Delta top but yeah I 782 00:28:32,450 --> 00:28:30,480 would say like I don't really know the 783 00:28:34,430 --> 00:28:32,460 exact amounts that we would be expecting 784 00:28:36,169 --> 00:28:34,440 to see on Mars but everything that I've 785 00:28:37,730 --> 00:28:36,179 heard so far is these types of rocks 786 00:28:39,409 --> 00:28:37,740 that we know or these types of minerals 787 00:28:41,570 --> 00:28:39,419 that we know are in igneous rocks from 788 00:28:45,890 --> 00:28:41,580 our studies on like Martian meteorites 789 00:28:51,470 --> 00:28:48,830 all right let's hear from Violet on 790 00:28:54,649 --> 00:28:51,480 Instagram who's asking does perseverance 791 00:28:57,610 --> 00:28:54,659 itself have tools to analyze samples or 792 00:29:00,289 --> 00:28:57,620 can they only be analyzed on Earth 793 00:29:02,510 --> 00:29:00,299 good question so those seven scientific 794 00:29:04,549 --> 00:29:02,520 instruments that I mentioned we can we 795 00:29:07,789 --> 00:29:04,559 do analyze the Rocks as we're finding 796 00:29:09,590 --> 00:29:07,799 them with those and so um what we do is 797 00:29:11,870 --> 00:29:09,600 when I mention those abrasion patches 798 00:29:13,789 --> 00:29:11,880 that's sort of like a proxy for the 799 00:29:16,250 --> 00:29:13,799 actual sample the rock sample that we 800 00:29:17,930 --> 00:29:16,260 pick up so what we do is we use those 801 00:29:19,549 --> 00:29:17,940 instruments to observe right next to 802 00:29:21,049 --> 00:29:19,559 where the sample is picked up so we have 803 00:29:22,490 --> 00:29:21,059 a good understanding of what hopefully 804 00:29:24,110 --> 00:29:22,500 we're actually picking up but those 805 00:29:25,909 --> 00:29:24,120 actual samples that are put in the tubes 806 00:29:27,830 --> 00:29:25,919 themselves those will be fully analyzed 807 00:29:29,930 --> 00:29:27,840 when we bring them back so I would say 808 00:29:31,789 --> 00:29:29,940 the instruments on the Rover do a lot of 809 00:29:34,010 --> 00:29:31,799 analysis and they collect a lot of data 810 00:29:35,389 --> 00:29:34,020 and that is directly applicable to the 811 00:29:38,510 --> 00:29:35,399 samples that we're bringing hopefully 812 00:29:41,930 --> 00:29:40,070 I have another one 813 00:29:44,570 --> 00:29:41,940 um this is a cool one like from an 814 00:29:46,909 --> 00:29:44,580 astrobiology perspective so Sherry on 815 00:29:49,789 --> 00:29:46,919 YouTube is wondering how do you make 816 00:29:51,950 --> 00:29:49,799 sure that you're not concentrating on 817 00:29:53,630 --> 00:29:51,960 finding evidence of life that it would 818 00:29:56,330 --> 00:29:53,640 look like as we know it here on Earth 819 00:29:58,789 --> 00:29:56,340 and that science might miss 820 00:30:00,889 --> 00:29:58,799 Life on Mars 821 00:30:03,230 --> 00:30:00,899 thanks for this question I love thinking 822 00:30:06,710 --> 00:30:03,240 about it actually disaster biology 823 00:30:07,310 --> 00:30:06,720 connection that's such a good one yes so 824 00:30:09,590 --> 00:30:07,320 um 825 00:30:12,110 --> 00:30:09,600 I would say so 826 00:30:13,610 --> 00:30:12,120 we have working hypotheses for what the 827 00:30:15,289 --> 00:30:13,620 definition of 828 00:30:18,350 --> 00:30:15,299 um or a working definition I should say 829 00:30:20,570 --> 00:30:18,360 of what life is and we're guided largely 830 00:30:22,610 --> 00:30:20,580 by what we know about life on Earth 831 00:30:25,250 --> 00:30:22,620 because that's the only example that we 832 00:30:27,350 --> 00:30:25,260 have of a planet that hosts life so 833 00:30:30,350 --> 00:30:27,360 we're definitely limited by that and I 834 00:30:33,289 --> 00:30:30,360 think that's where um having sort of the 835 00:30:36,230 --> 00:30:33,299 agnostic approach and being able to 836 00:30:38,450 --> 00:30:36,240 Clearly say like we're designed to 837 00:30:40,370 --> 00:30:38,460 detect Life as We Know It And there 838 00:30:42,230 --> 00:30:40,380 could be other signs that we are missing 839 00:30:45,529 --> 00:30:42,240 that's always a possibility and I think 840 00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:45,539 anyone who's an astrobiology gets 841 00:30:49,010 --> 00:30:47,640 um they're both aware of that as like a 842 00:30:51,110 --> 00:30:49,020 limitation of our knowledge but also 843 00:30:53,149 --> 00:30:51,120 incredibly excited because that has 844 00:30:54,830 --> 00:30:53,159 started this whole other part of the 845 00:30:57,289 --> 00:30:54,840 field in astrobiology of looking for 846 00:30:59,269 --> 00:30:57,299 agnostic biosignatures so say we're not 847 00:31:01,549 --> 00:30:59,279 looking for exactly the types of 848 00:31:02,930 --> 00:31:01,559 elements like all the things that I just 849 00:31:05,210 --> 00:31:02,940 mentioned about Organics what if we're 850 00:31:07,730 --> 00:31:05,220 not looking for that what else could 851 00:31:09,830 --> 00:31:07,740 life present as and what is a reasonable 852 00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:09,840 thing to search for so this is a newer 853 00:31:17,029 --> 00:31:11,220 part of astrobiology that's still 854 00:31:21,649 --> 00:31:19,669 all right all right all right let's see 855 00:31:24,529 --> 00:31:21,659 this is kind of a personal one 856 00:31:27,289 --> 00:31:24,539 for you sonanda what Richie on Instagram 857 00:31:32,149 --> 00:31:27,299 is asking um what part of this Mission 858 00:31:38,630 --> 00:31:34,130 okay 859 00:31:40,669 --> 00:31:38,640 that was yeah of course your polar bear 860 00:31:42,110 --> 00:31:40,679 was excellent it is my phone background 861 00:31:43,310 --> 00:31:42,120 and like part of the other reason that 862 00:31:45,590 --> 00:31:43,320 one's so exciting just for a second 863 00:31:47,210 --> 00:31:45,600 because you asked is at one of those 864 00:31:49,130 --> 00:31:47,220 particular points like one of the spots 865 00:31:51,110 --> 00:31:49,140 that we analyzed with Sherlock we saw 866 00:31:52,669 --> 00:31:51,120 signs of multiple different minerals all 867 00:31:54,350 --> 00:31:52,679 together and a lot of times we just see 868 00:31:57,529 --> 00:31:54,360 like a single mineral visible through 869 00:31:59,810 --> 00:31:57,539 Ramen so that was really exciting 870 00:32:02,330 --> 00:31:59,820 um and then I would say like that's good 871 00:32:05,990 --> 00:32:02,340 and then another thing would be 872 00:32:10,370 --> 00:32:08,690 I would say the first time that I 873 00:32:12,409 --> 00:32:10,380 actually got to analyze the data myself 874 00:32:15,289 --> 00:32:12,419 because I came in when the mission had 875 00:32:17,210 --> 00:32:15,299 already started so I came in right 876 00:32:18,590 --> 00:32:17,220 around Guillaume so the first time I 877 00:32:20,149 --> 00:32:18,600 looked at that data it was sort of like 878 00:32:22,010 --> 00:32:20,159 I'm still learning what's going on I 879 00:32:23,750 --> 00:32:22,020 have no clear idea of 880 00:32:26,149 --> 00:32:23,760 what all this means and I'm still doing 881 00:32:27,649 --> 00:32:26,159 background reading and and all that sort 882 00:32:29,630 --> 00:32:27,659 of stuff but then the next Target 883 00:32:31,130 --> 00:32:29,640 bellguard that was the first time that I 884 00:32:33,230 --> 00:32:31,140 was like okay this data is coming down 885 00:32:34,970 --> 00:32:33,240 and I'm gonna look at it myself and I 886 00:32:36,710 --> 00:32:34,980 literally printed out every single 887 00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:36,720 picture that we got which was a lot 888 00:32:39,710 --> 00:32:38,220 because we take a lot of pictures with 889 00:32:41,630 --> 00:32:39,720 Sherlock and with all the other cameras 890 00:32:43,370 --> 00:32:41,640 I think we have over 20 cameras on the 891 00:32:45,889 --> 00:32:43,380 Rover I printed out every single picture 892 00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:45,899 of the rock the outcrop that particular 893 00:32:49,490 --> 00:32:48,000 patch and I put them all up in my office 894 00:32:51,889 --> 00:32:49,500 and then I looked through every single 895 00:32:54,470 --> 00:32:51,899 point and for me that was like a 896 00:32:56,029 --> 00:32:54,480 personal exploration and also just so 897 00:32:57,950 --> 00:32:56,039 incredibly exciting that I had all of 898 00:33:02,350 --> 00:32:57,960 this information of Mars just staring at 899 00:33:05,090 --> 00:33:02,360 me in my office so that I would say 900 00:33:07,730 --> 00:33:05,100 okay this is 901 00:33:10,610 --> 00:33:07,740 one that's tugging in my heartstrings so 902 00:33:12,289 --> 00:33:10,620 Mindy on YouTube is wondering um her 903 00:33:14,409 --> 00:33:12,299 three-year-old wants to know if 904 00:33:17,090 --> 00:33:14,419 perseverance will go visit opportunity 905 00:33:18,529 --> 00:33:17,100 his new favorite thing is watching Rover 906 00:33:23,570 --> 00:33:18,539 documentaries 907 00:33:26,389 --> 00:33:23,580 oh that's great oh so 908 00:33:28,190 --> 00:33:26,399 maybe in spirit but in practicality I 909 00:33:29,870 --> 00:33:28,200 don't I don't think so 910 00:33:32,269 --> 00:33:29,880 um and I think part of it is that like 911 00:33:33,769 --> 00:33:32,279 we're exploring a different place but 912 00:33:35,570 --> 00:33:33,779 maybe one thing that would give you 913 00:33:38,149 --> 00:33:35,580 comfort is that all of the information 914 00:33:40,549 --> 00:33:38,159 from all the previous Rovers and this 915 00:33:42,830 --> 00:33:40,559 one this is all coming into one big 916 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:42,840 picture of our understanding of Mars so 917 00:33:46,730 --> 00:33:44,460 all of that information will get put 918 00:33:48,889 --> 00:33:46,740 together and we're building on the 919 00:33:51,769 --> 00:33:48,899 legacy of all of those previous sorts of 920 00:33:53,570 --> 00:33:51,779 Explorations so we have our plan and 921 00:33:55,789 --> 00:33:53,580 we're going to go through exactly where 922 00:33:57,110 --> 00:33:55,799 we've planned in our Traverse but 923 00:33:58,970 --> 00:33:57,120 keeping all of that previous work in 924 00:34:01,909 --> 00:33:58,980 mind 925 00:34:04,610 --> 00:34:01,919 yep so opportunity might be gone but 926 00:34:06,769 --> 00:34:04,620 certainly not forgotten and as you 927 00:34:08,570 --> 00:34:06,779 mentioned that perseverance is standing 928 00:34:09,829 --> 00:34:08,580 on the shoulders of The Rovers that came 929 00:34:11,149 --> 00:34:09,839 before it 930 00:34:13,369 --> 00:34:11,159 yeah 931 00:34:15,349 --> 00:34:13,379 so Sarah I think we've got time for one 932 00:34:17,869 --> 00:34:15,359 last question from the audience 933 00:34:20,270 --> 00:34:17,879 sounds great okay I have one to bring it 934 00:34:22,790 --> 00:34:20,280 home and this is from reishi on 935 00:34:24,649 --> 00:34:22,800 Instagram saying what advice do you have 936 00:34:27,050 --> 00:34:24,659 sananda for someone interested in the 937 00:34:30,770 --> 00:34:27,060 stem field 938 00:34:36,770 --> 00:34:34,190 I would say that 939 00:34:39,109 --> 00:34:36,780 I think there's a lot of 940 00:34:40,790 --> 00:34:39,119 um emphasis put on like specific paths 941 00:34:43,070 --> 00:34:40,800 to get into stem and make particular 942 00:34:44,570 --> 00:34:43,080 progress to like become a scientist in 943 00:34:46,609 --> 00:34:44,580 this way or an engineer in this way or 944 00:34:49,970 --> 00:34:46,619 things like that and my advice would be 945 00:34:53,750 --> 00:34:49,980 to find your own path because for me 946 00:34:55,430 --> 00:34:53,760 that took a lot of time I did great in 947 00:34:57,349 --> 00:34:55,440 high school and then in college I just 948 00:34:59,270 --> 00:34:57,359 had a really really hard time and I took 949 00:35:00,589 --> 00:34:59,280 all the science and math classes and all 950 00:35:03,050 --> 00:35:00,599 that kind of stuff and it just wasn't 951 00:35:04,970 --> 00:35:03,060 clicking for me and I had really bad 952 00:35:06,890 --> 00:35:04,980 grades until I started to figure out 953 00:35:09,050 --> 00:35:06,900 like what do I need to do to learn and 954 00:35:10,910 --> 00:35:09,060 for me it was research I needed to be in 955 00:35:13,430 --> 00:35:10,920 a lab and finding out new things and 956 00:35:15,170 --> 00:35:13,440 thinking creatively and so that's how I 957 00:35:16,970 --> 00:35:15,180 was able to reconcile the art that I did 958 00:35:19,010 --> 00:35:16,980 and the music that I played and the 959 00:35:20,569 --> 00:35:19,020 design that I wanted to do with the 960 00:35:23,150 --> 00:35:20,579 science that I wanted to do is doing 961 00:35:25,490 --> 00:35:23,160 creative research so for me that was a 962 00:35:27,770 --> 00:35:25,500 path towards stem and I would always say 963 00:35:30,109 --> 00:35:27,780 like stem plus art is is incredible 964 00:35:32,270 --> 00:35:30,119 that's what I always love to do so don't 965 00:35:34,069 --> 00:35:32,280 be restrictive about how you want to 966 00:35:35,810 --> 00:35:34,079 approach them make it work for you 967 00:35:39,230 --> 00:35:35,820 because you deserve to be in the field 968 00:35:41,510 --> 00:35:39,240 if you want to be there that's it 969 00:35:43,430 --> 00:35:41,520 and if I could add you know you've 970 00:35:44,690 --> 00:35:43,440 worked on perseverance you've been able 971 00:35:46,490 --> 00:35:44,700 to do all these incredible things with 972 00:35:48,349 --> 00:35:46,500 Sherlock because you've had the 973 00:35:50,750 --> 00:35:48,359 perseverance to do them and so that's 974 00:35:52,190 --> 00:35:50,760 some great advice to really persevere to 975 00:35:53,750 --> 00:35:52,200 our audience 976 00:35:55,849 --> 00:35:53,760 um unfortunately folks that is all the 977 00:35:57,650 --> 00:35:55,859 time we have for this evening I want to 978 00:36:00,290 --> 00:35:57,660 take a moment to thank our speaker Dr 979 00:36:03,349 --> 00:36:00,300 sananda Sharma for joining us to discuss 980 00:36:05,150 --> 00:36:03,359 two years of perseverance I also want to 981 00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:05,160 thank our wonderful questions co-host 982 00:36:08,930 --> 00:36:07,200 Sarah Marcotte and everyone working 983 00:36:11,030 --> 00:36:08,940 behind the scenes to make this possible 984 00:36:12,829 --> 00:36:11,040 make sure you check out the link Sarah 985 00:36:15,290 --> 00:36:12,839 mentioned earlier to get more 986 00:36:18,849 --> 00:36:15,300 information about the two years of 987 00:36:23,870 --> 00:36:18,859 perseverance that link again is Mars dot 988 00:36:25,670 --> 00:36:23,880 nasa.gov forward slash Mars 2020. to all 989 00:36:27,829 --> 00:36:25,680 of you watching thank you for taking the 990 00:36:29,630 --> 00:36:27,839 time to join us every month if you 991 00:36:31,370 --> 00:36:29,640 missed one or would like to revisit any 992 00:36:33,829 --> 00:36:31,380 of our Von Carmen talks from the past 993 00:36:36,410 --> 00:36:33,839 five years they are all available on 994 00:36:38,630 --> 00:36:36,420 jpl's YouTube page and please be sure to 995 00:36:42,710 --> 00:36:38,640 join us next month for exploring ocean 996 00:36:45,109 --> 00:36:42,720 worlds with eels exobiology extent life 997 00:36:46,849 --> 00:36:45,119 surveyor that's all for tonight folks 998 00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:46,859 thanks and bye everyone have a great 999 00:37:02,510 --> 00:37:00,730 [Music]